Several researchers showed that CW and its components like cynandione A, wilfoside K1N or steroidal compounds have effects of anti-inflammation (Cho et al., 2017 Kim et al., 2015 Koo et al., 2015 Yang et al., 2014), anti-cancer (Lee et al., 2017), liver protection (Jang et al., 2016), scavenging free radicals (Jang et al., 2017), preventing liver from accumulation of fats (Kim et al., 2020), suppressing LDL modification (Kim et al., 2019), relieving lipid related symptoms or diseases (Lee et al., 2013 Youn et al., 2019) and so on. Also, recent scientific studies revealed health benefits of CW. From the past, CW was used for its remedial effects such as invigorating body, nourishing blood, improving blood circulation, strengthening muscle and bone, preventing from aging and curing neurasthenia (MFDS, 2014a). Based on the Korean traditional medical literatures, although its name was first appeared in 1959, it was thought that CW had been used in Korea since at least 1600 s (Choi et al., 2003). ‘Baeksuo’, have long been used as traditional herbal medicines in East Asia including Korea. Root parts of Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsley (CW) cv.

auriculatum Royle ex Wight following GLP protocols. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first sub-chronic toxicity study on the adverse effects, target organs and its dose levels of C. In case of CA, NOAEL of water extract was 1500 mg/kg/day for male and 2000 mg/kg/day for female, while NOAEL of powder was 150 mg/kg/day for both gender. In conclusion, no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) of CW water extract was over 5000 mg/kg/day, while NOAEL of CW powder was 700 mg/kg/day for female and 150 mg/kg/day for male. As for female rats, increased absolute/relative weights and hypertrophy/vacuolation in adrenal glands and vacuolation in ovaries were observed when administered CA powder. Treated CA powder in male rats increased alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase and induced single cell necrosis and multinucleated hepatocyte in liver. In the case of CA water extract, triglyceride and absolute/relative liver weights were elevated and vacuolation was observed in liver. CW water extract didn’t show any adverse effects whereas administering CW powder decreased body weights in complication with decreased food consumptions.

Sub-chronic toxicity studies using rats have been conducted for Cynanchum wilfordii (Maxim.) Hemsley (CW) and Cynanchum auriculatum Royle ex Wight (CA).

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